Pennsylvania doesn’t exactly shine as an example to other states when it comes to corruption. From studies that measure transparency to those that rank by convictions of government employees, Pennsylvania usually ranks in the middle of the pack and sometimes in the top ten for most corrupt. Now, yet another study — a Harvard University survey of journalists’ perceptions of corruption — ranks Pennsylvania among the six most corrupt states in the nation.

The study from Harvard’s Safra Center for Ethics argued that government measures of corruption are not accurate, as they only look at public officials convicted of crimes and ignores the corruption that persists unknowingly. Researchers also pointed out that prosecutors do not always pursue corrupt officials, either because of politics or lack of resources.

“Understanding the causes and the consequences of corruption and designing the policies in the fight against it starts with measuring corruption itself,” authors Oguzhan Dincer and Michael Johnston wrote in the study.

To add a different measure to the field, researchers surveyed hundreds of journalists who spend time interacting with and studying public officials. In some states, more reporters responded than others. The survey considered both legal and illegal corruption, from those whose policies are affected by campaign contributions, to public officials who take bribes or gifts.

In Pennsylvania, journalists said illegal and legal corruption is very common in the legislature, and more moderately common in the executive and judicial branches. Kentucky, Alabama, Illinois, New Jersey, Georgia and New Mexico were the only other states besides Pennsylvania where journalists reported high levels of both illegal and legal corruption across the board.